![]() Elements with more electronegative character form anions. This property is called the non-metallic character or electronegativity of the element. Similarly non mentals like Oxygen ( 8O), fluorine ( 9F) and chlorine ( 17C l) acquire electron configuration of element of inert gases by gaining electrons. Elements withmore electropositive character form cations. This property is called as the metallic character or electropositivity. ![]() What are the factor that affect the formation of cation and anion? (4 Marks)Ī: * Generally elements of metals have tendency of losing electron to attain the octet in their valence shell. * The electrostatic attractive force that keeps cation and anion (which are formed from metal atoms and non-metal atoms due to transfer of electrons) together to form a new electricallyneutral compounds is called Ionic bond.ġ1. Now, we can define ionic bond as follows In other words, treating the AgCl as 100% ionic underestimates its lattice enthalpy by quite a lot.* As the valence concept has been explained in terms of electrons, it is also called the electrovalent bond. Depending on where you get your data from, the theoretical value for lattice enthalpy for AgCl is anywhere from about 50 to 150 kJ mol -1 less than the value that comes from a Born-Haber cycle. A commonly quoted example of this is silver chloride, AgCl. The experimental and theoretical values do not agree.That means that for sodium chloride, the assumptions about the solid being ionic are fairly good. Sodium chloride is a case like this - the theoretical and experimental values agree to within a few percent. There is reasonable agreement between the experimental value (calculated from a Born-Haber cycle) and the theoretical value.There are several different equations, of various degrees of complication, for calculating lattice energy in this way. If you know how to do it, you can then fairly easily convert between the two. Calculations of this sort end up with values of lattice energy, and not lattice enthalpy. By doing physics-style calculations, it is possible to calculate a theoretical value for what you would expect the lattice energy to be. Let's also assume that the ions are point charges - in other words that the charge is concentrated at the center of the ion. Let's assume that a compound is fully ionic. Theoretical Estimates of Lattice Energies Once again, the cycle sorts out the sign of the lattice enthalpy. This time both routes would start from the elements in their standard states, and finish at the gaseous ions. ![]() You cannot use the original one, because that would go against the flow of the lattice enthalpy arrow. It does, of course, mean that you have to find two new routes. The only difference in the diagram is the direction the lattice enthalpy arrow is pointing. How would this be different if you had drawn a lattice dissociation enthalpy in your diagram? Your diagram would now look like this: So, from the cycle we get the calculations directly underneath it. The diagram is set up to provide two different routes between the thick lines. Now we can use Hess' Law and find two different routes around the diagram which we can equate. And finally, we have the positive and negative gaseous ions that we can convert into the solid sodium chloride using the lattice formation enthalpy.Remember that first electron affinities go from gaseous atoms to gaseous singly charged negative ions. The -349 is the first electron affinity of chlorine.Again, we have to produce gaseous atoms so that we can use the next stage in the cycle. The +122 is the atomization enthalpy of chlorine.Remember that first ionization energies go from gaseous atoms to gaseous singly charged positive ions. The +496 is the first ionization energy of sodium.We have to produce gaseous atoms so that we can use the next stage in the cycle. The +107 is the atomization enthalpy of sodium.The Born-Haber cycle now imagines this formation of sodium chloride as happening in a whole set of small changes, most of which we know the enthalpy changes for - except, of course, for the lattice enthalpy that we want to calculate. The arrow pointing down from this to the lower thick line represents the enthalpy change of formation of sodium chloride. Notice that we only need half a mole of chlorine gas in order to end up with 1 mole of NaCl. We are starting here with the elements sodium and chlorine in their standard states. ![]() If you wanted to draw it for lattice dissociation enthalpy, the red arrow would be reversed - pointing upwards.įocus to start with on the higher of the two thicker horizontal lines. You will see that I have arbitrarily decided to draw this for lattice formation enthalpy. \)Ĭonsider a Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride, and then talk it through carefully afterwards.
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